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The U.S. Supreme court opinion regarding liability of outside
accounting firms, and by extrapolation, other outside
professionals outside a business under the Racketeering Act. The
Act was originally meant to provide a tool for the taking civil
action against organized crime. However, in its early days,
because of extremely broad drafting, many civil disputes changed
from suits on the particular issue to RICO actions. This case
continues the Court's trend of narrowing the applicability of
RICO to civil disputes. In this case, which at its heart appears
to be an accounting malpractice case, the plaintiff's chose RICO.
This is quite understandable since RICO provides for treble
damages as well as attorney's fees, which may not be recoverable
in a normal civil action. The accounting firm's response to a
RICO suit is that as outside professionals they were not
"participants" who "conducted " the illegal acts which the
defendants contend occurred. This case is thus important for
various outside professionals like attorneys, actuaries and
accountants. It is also one of the longest cases to ever parse
and dissect the word "conduct." */
NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be
released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the
time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of
the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of
Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v.
Detroit Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337.
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Syllabus
REVES et al. v. ERNST & YOUNG
certiorari to the united states court of appeals for
the eighth circuit
No. 91-886. Argued October 13, 1992-Decided March 3, 1993
A provision of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
Act (RICO), 18 U. S. C. 1962(c), makes it unlawful ``for any
person employed by or associated with [an interstate]
enterprise . . . to conduct or participate, directly or
indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through
a pattern of racketeering activity . . . ."
After respondent's predecessor, the accounting firm of Arthur
Young and Company, engaged in certain activities relating to
valuation of a gasohol plant on the yearly audits and financial
statements of a farming cooperative, the cooperative filed for
bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy trustee brought suit, alleging,
inter alia, that the activities in question rendered Arthur Young
civilly liable under 1962(c) to petitioner holders of certain of
the cooperative's notes.
Among other things, the District Court applied Circuit precedent
requiring, in order for such liability to attach, ``some
participation in the operation or management of the enterprise
itself"; ruled that Arthur Young's activities failed to satisfy
this test; and granted summary judgment in its favor on the RICO
claim. Agreeing with the lower court's analysis, the Court of
Appeals affirmed in this regard.
Held: One must participate in the operation or management of the
enterprise itself in order to be subject to 1962(c) liability.
Pp. 6-16.
(a) Examination of the statutory language in the light of
pertinent dictionary definitions and the context of 1962(c)
brings the section's meaning unambiguously into focus. Once it
is understood that the word "conduct" requires some degree of
direction, and that the word "participate" requires some part in
that direction, it is clear that one must have some part in
directing an enterprise's affairs in order to "participate,
directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such . . . affairs."
The -operation or management- test expresses this requirement in
a formulation that is easy to apply. Pp. 6-9.
(b) The "operation or management" test finds further support in
1962's legislative history. Pp. 9-13.
(c) RICO's "liberal construction" clause-which specifies that
the "provisions of this title shall be liberally construed to
effectuate its remedial purposes" -does not require rejection of
the "operation or management" test. The clause obviously seeks
to ensure that Congress' intent is not frustrated by an overly
narrow reading of the statute, but it is not an invitation to
apply RICO to new purposes that Congress never intended. It is
clear from the statute's language and legislative history that
Congress did not intend to extend 1962(c) liability beyond those
who participate in the operation or management of an enterprise
through a pattern of racketeering activity. Pp. 13-14.
(d) The "operation or management" test is consistent with the
proposition that liability under 1962(c) is not limited to upper
management. ``Outsiders" having no official position with the
enterprise may be liable under 1962(c) if they are "associated
with" the enterprise and participate in the operation or
management of the enterprise. Pp. 14-15.
(e) This Court will not overturn the lower courts' findings
that respondent was entitled to summary judgment upon application
of the "operation or management" test to the facts of this case.
The failure to tell the cooperative's board that the gasohol
plant should have been valued in a particular way is an
insufficient basis for concluding that Arthur Young participated
in the operation or management of the cooperative itself. Pp.
15-16. 937 F. 2d 1310, affirmed.
Blackmun, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
Rehnquist, C. J., and Stevens, O'Connor, and Kennedy, JJ.,
joined, and in all but Part IV-A of which Scalia and Thomas, JJ.,
joined. Souter, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which White,
J., joined.
--------
No. 91-886
--------
BOB REVES, et al., PETITIONERS v.
ERNST & YOUNG
on writ of certiorari to the united states court
of appeals for the eighth circuit
[March 3, 1993]
Justice Blackmun delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case requires us once again to interpret the provisions of
the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) chapter
of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-452, Title
IX, 84 Stat. 941, as amended, 18 U. S. C. 1961-1968 (1988 ed. and
Supp. II). Section 1962(c) makes it unlawful for any person
employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the
activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to
conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of
such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering
activity . . . . The question presented is whether one must
participate in the operation or management of the enterprise
itself to be subject to liability under this provision.
I
The Farmer's Cooperative of Arkansas and Oklahoma, Inc. (the
Co-Op), began operating in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma
in 1946. To raise money for operating expenses, the Co-Op sold
promissory notes payable to the holder on demand. Each year,
Co-Op members were elected to serve on its board. The board met
monthly but delegated actual management of the Co-Op to a general
manager. In 1952, the board appointed Jack White as general
manager.
In January 1980, White began taking loans from the Co-Op to
finance the construction of a gasohol plant by his company, White
Flame Fuels, Inc. By the end of 1980, White's debts to the Co-Op
totaled approximately $4 million. In September of that year,
White and Gene Kuykendall, who served as the accountant for both
the Co-Op and White Flame, were indicted for federal tax fraud.
At a board meeting on November 12, 1980, White proposed that the
Co-Op purchase White Flame. The board agreed. One month later,
however, the Co-Op filed a declaratory action against White and
White Flame in Arkansas state court alleging that White actually
had sold White Flame to the Co-Op in February 1980. The
complaint was drafted by White's attorneys and led to a consent
decree relieving White of h